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How do we predict the climate?

European projects behind modern climate prediction

European research plays a key role in advancing our understanding of the climate system and developing solutions to address climate change. Across the EU, a wide range of collaborative projects are working at the forefront of climate science, technology, and innovation.

This website highlights these initiatives and shows how they contribute to modern climate research. To provide structure and context, the projects are presented across three interconnected layers: Applications & Informed Decisions, Earth System Modelling, and Foundations & Infrastructure.

Application Modelling Supercomputers

Applications & Informed Decisions

The first layer represents how climate research is translated into practical use. It focuses on turning climate data and model outputs into tools, services, and knowledge that support decision-making in society.
Applications & Informed Decisions

How does this work?

Across Europe, a wide range of research and innovation projects are working within this layer to develop user-oriented climate services and applications. These projects address different needs, from improving climate risk assessments to building digital platforms and decision-support tools.

In this section, we present selected leading EU projects that focus on applying climate knowledge in practice. Together, they demonstrate how scientific results are translated into real-world solutions across sectors and scales.

Earth System Modelling

The second layer forms the scientific core of climate research. It focuses on developing numerical models that simulate the complex interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice.
Earth System Modelling

How does this work?

European research projects in this layer work on advancing the next generation of Earth system models. They explore new methods, improve the representation of physical processes, and increase the level of detail at which the climate system can be simulated.

This section introduces key EU initiatives that contribute to these developments. Each project focuses on specific aspects of modelling, and together they drive progress toward more reliable and precise climate predictions.

Foundations & Infrastructure

The third layer provides the technological backbone of modern climate research. Running complex climate models and processing large volumes of data requires high-performance computing systems and advanced digital infrastructure.
Foundations & Infrastructure

How does this work?

Within Europe, several projects focus on developing and optimizing the computing infrastructure needed for climate research. These initiatives work on improving performance, scalability, and efficiency, as well as preparing for next-generation computing systems.

In this section, we highlight EU projects that support and advance supercomputing for climate science. Each contributes to enabling faster, more detailed, and more energy-efficient simulations, forming the foundation for progress in the other layers.

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